a. The formula for the Ionian modal scale is MLM.

b. The Ionian modal scale is identical to a major scale.

a. The formula for the Mixolydian modal scale is MML or MLm (Figure 4-5).

b. The Mixolydian scale's half step/whole step relationship corresponds to a white key scale from G to G on the piano keyboard (Figure 4-6).

c. A Circle of Mixolydian Keys can be constructed to represent the remaining Mixolydian Keys by using the Major Circle of Fifths and shifting the number of sharps and flats one key to the left. You can figure out the numbers of flats or sharps by subtracting one sharp or adding 1 flat to the parallel major scale. The G Mixolydian scale has no sharps or flats (Figure 4-7).

d. The Mixolydian scale has a subtonic ( 7), instead of a leading tone, when compared to its parallel major scale (Figure 4-8).