a. The formula for the Dorian modal scale is mLm (Figure 4-9).

b. The Dorian scale's half step/whole step relationship corresponds to a white key scale from D to D on a piano keyboard (Figure 4-10).

c. A Circle of Dorian Keys can be constructed to represent the remaining Dorian Keys by using the Major Circle of Fifths and shifting the number of sharps and flats two keys to the left. You can figure out the number of sharps and flats by subtracting two sharps or adding two flats to the parallel major scale. The d Dorian scale has no flats or sharps (Figure 4-11).

d. The Dorian scale has a lowered mediant ( 3) and subtonic ( 7) when compared to its parallel major scale (Figure 4-12).

e. The Dorian scale has a raised submediant ( 6) when compared to its parallel natural minor scale (Figure 4-13).